Uso de mifepristona en embarazo ectópico intersticial: un reporte de caso / Use of mifepristone in an interstitial ectopic pregnancy: a case report

Introducción: El embarazo ectópico intersticial es una forma de presentación poco frecuente, con una incidencia del 2-4% de los embarazos ectópicos; sin embargo, a pesar de su baja incidencia la mortalidad es cinco veces mayor, impactando en las cifras de mortalidad materna y representando en torno al 10-15% de los casos. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de embarazo ectópico intersticial, cuya ocurrencia es poco frecuente, así como el abordaje satisfactorio del manejo médico con mifepristona y metotrexato. Caso clínico: Mujer de 28 años con antecedente de resección tubárica por quiste paraovárico derecho, quien acudió a urgencias por hallazgo en ecografía obstétrica de sospecha de embarazo intersticial izquierdo y se le administró manejo farmacológico con dosis de metotrexato y mifepristona, con éxito. Conclusiones: El manejo médico con metotrexato y mifepristona para el embarazo ectópico intersticial parece ser una elección eficaz en los casos con estabilidad hemodinámica y deseo de conservación de la fertilidad.

Background: Interstitial ectopic pregnancy represents a rare form of presentation, with an incidence of 2-4% of all ectopic pregnancies. However, despite its low incidence, it is associated with a five-fold increase in mortality, significantly impacting maternal mortality rates, accounting for approximately 10-15% of cases. Objective: To present a case of interstitial ectopic pregnancy, which is a rare occurrence, as well as the successful medical management approach with mifepristone and methotrexate. Case report: A 28-year-old women with a history of right paraovarian cyst tubal resection presented to the emergency department due to suspected left interstitial pregnancy identified on obstetric ultrasound. The patient was successfully managed with pharmacological treatment using doses of methotrexate and mifepristone. Conclusions: Medical management with methotrexate and mifepristone for interstitial ectopic pregnancy appears to be an effective choice in cases with hemodynamic stability and a desire for fertility preservation.

Embarazo ectópico abdominal con feto vivo en el Hospital Provincial de Bié, Angola / Abdominal ectopic pregnancy with a live fetus in Bié Provincial Hospital, Angola

El embrión, en condiciones normales, es concebido en la trompa y migra al útero. Un pequeño porcentaje que no llega a completar esta migración, se convierte en embarazo ectópico. Se presentó el caso de un embarazo ectópico abdominal con feto vivo; paciente femenina de 32 años de edad, multigesta con 4 partos eutócicos a término. A las 37 semanas de edad gestacional se remitió al Hospital Provincial de Bié por presentar dolor abdominal difuso, de moderada intensidad, que se exacerbaba con los movimientos fetales. Se realizó la cesárea, se encontró un embarazo ectópico abdominal con feto vivo y placenta implantada en fondo uterino, epiplón y colon transverso. Se dejó placenta in situ para un posterior seguimiento.

The embryo, under normal conditions, is conceived into the fallopian tube and migrates to the uterus. A small percentage of the embryos that do not complete this migration become an ectopic pregnancy. We present a 32-year-old female patient with multiple gestation pregnancies and 4 normal term deliveries who had an abdominal ectopic pregnancy with a live fetus. She was referred to Bié Provincial Hospital at 37 weeks' gestation due to diffuse abdominal pain of moderate intensity, which was exacerbated by fetal movements. A cesarean section was performed; an abdominal ectopic pregnancy with a live fetus and the placenta implanted in the uterine fundus, omentum, and transverse colon was found. The placenta was left in situ for further follow-up.

Prediction of Rupture by Complete Blood Count in Tubal Ectopic Pregnancies Treated with a Single-Dose Methotrexate Protocol / Predição de ruptura por hemograma completo em gestações ectópicas tubárias tratadas com protocolo de dose única de metotrexato

Abstract Objective The availability of reliable and inexpensive markers that can be used to determine the risk of rupture during methotrexate (MTX) treatment in ectopic pregnancies (EPs) is considerable. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of systemic inflammatory markers such as leukocytes (or white blood cells, WBCs), the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet distribution width (PDW), which are among the parameters of the complete blood count (CBC), in the prediction of rupture of EPs under MTX treatment. Materials and Methods A total of 161 patients with tubal EP who underwent a single-dose methotrexate (MTX) protocol were retrospectively analyzed, and the control group (n = 83) included patients cured by MTX, while the ruptured group (n = 78) included patients who were operated on for tubal rupture during the MTX treatment. The features of EP, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) levels, sonographic findings, and CBC-derived markers such as WBC, NLR, and PDW, were investigated by comparing both groups. Results The NLR was found to be higher in the ruptured group, of 2.92 ± 0.86%, and significantly lower in the control group, of 2.09 ± 0.6%. Similarly, the PDW was higher (51 ± 9%) in the ruptured group, and it was significantly lower a (47 ± 13%) in the control group (p < 0.05). Other CBC parameters were similar in both groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion Systemic inflammation markers derived from CBC can be easily applied to predict the risk of tubal rupture in Eps, since the CBC is an inexpensive and easy-to-apply test, which is first requested from each patient during hospitalization.

Resumo Objetivo A disponibilidade de marcadores confiáveis e baratos que podem ser usados para determinar o risco de ruptura durante o tratamento com metotrexato (MTX) em gestações ectópicas (GEs) é considerável. O objetivo do presente estudo é investigar o papel de marcadores inflamatórios sistêmicos, como leucócitos (ou glóbulos brancos, glóbulos brancos), a relação neutrófilo-linfócito (NLR) e largura de distribuição de plaquetas (PDW), que estão entre os parâmetros do hemograma completo (hemograma), na predição de ruptura de PEs sob tratamento com MTX. Materiais e Métodos Foram analisados retrospectivamente 161 pacientes com EP tubária submetidas a protocolo de dose única de metotrexato (MTX), sendo que o grupo controle (n = 83) incluiu pacientes curadas com MTX, enquanto o grupo roto (n = 78) incluíram pacientes operadas por ruptura tubária durante o tratamento com MTX. As características de EP, beta-gonadotrofina coriônica humana (β-hCG), achados ultrassonográficos e marcadores derivados de CBC, como WBC, NLR e PDW, foram investigados comparando os dois grupos. Resultados A RNL foi maior no grupo roto, de 2,92 ± 0,86%, e significativamente menor no grupo controle, de 2,09 ± 0,6%. Da mesma forma, o PDW foi maior (51 ± 9%) no grupo roto, e foi significativamente menor a (47 ± 13%) no grupo controle (p < 0,05). Outros parâmetros do hemograma foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos (p > 0,05). Conclusão Marcadores inflamatórios sistêmicos derivados do hemograma podem ser facilmente aplicados para predizer o risco de ruptura tubária na Eps, uma vez que o hemograma é um exame de baixo custo e fácil aplicação, solicitado primeiramente a cada paciente durante a internação.

Double trouble in an ectopic pregnancy / Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

@#Gestational trophoblastic diseases are histologically different types of tumors originating from the placenta with an incidence of 0.2–5.8/1000 pregnancies. Ectopic pregnancy is the implantation of the fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity, and a 0.64% incidence is reported. Ectopic cornual pregnancy and molar pregnancy are rare cases, and a combination of these two rare entities occurring simultaneously is even rare and very few cases have been reported in the literature. A cornual pregnancy refers to the implantation and development of a gestational sac in one of the upper and lateral portions of the uterus, whereas an interstitial pregnancy is a gestational sac that implants within the proximal, intramural portion of the fallopian tube that is enveloped by the myometrium. We present one of the rare combinations of molar pregnancy and cornual/interstitial ectopic pregnancy in a 30‑year‑old G3 P1 who presented with a triad of amenorrhea, vaginal bleeding, and abdominal pain. Laparotomy was done in view of an ultrasound which was suggestive of a well‑defined complex thick‑walled lesion of size 3.2 × 3.3 with a gestational sac and no cardiac activity in the right fallopian tube/adnexa suggesting tubal ectopic pregnancy. Beta‑human chorionic gonadotropin (β‑hCG) levels were done and noted to be as high as 9998 mIU/mL. Intraoperatively, a cornual ectopic pregnancy was found with no hemoperitoneum which was excised. Histopathology showed chorionic villi with variable size and hydropic change, myxoid stromal changes, and cistern formation with polar trophoblastic proliferation, based on which a diagnosis of molar pregnancy was made. Although ultrasonography and higher than usual serum β‑hCG levels are diagnostic of uterine molar pregnancy, they do not yield a proper diagnosis in ectopic molar pregnancy, hence, making it difficult to distinguish between an early ectopic molar pregnancy from a nontrophoblastic tubal pregnancy. The final diagnosis is usually made only after histopathology. A high degree of clinical suspicion of cornual pregnancy followed by histopathological examination of the products of conception is the standard for arriving at an appropriate diagnosis. Serial serum β‑hCG level follow‑up is recommended to rule out its malignant potential.

Experience of a Tertiary Service in the Treatment of Women with Cervical Pregnancy / Experiência de um serviço terciário no tratamento de mulheres com gravidez ectópica cervical

Abstract Objective Cervical pregnancy is challenging for the medical community, as it is potentially fatal. The treatment can be medical or surgical; however, there are no protocols that establish the best option for each case. The objective of the present study was to describe the cases of cervical pregnancy admitted to a tertiary university hospital over a period of 18 years. Methods A retrospective study based on a review of the medical records of all cervical pregnancies admitted to the Women's Hospital at Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Southeastern Brazil, from 2000 to 2018. Results We identified 13 cases of cervical pregnancy out of a total of 673 ectopic pregnancies; only 1 case was initially treated with surgery because of hemodynamic instability. Of the 12 cases treated conservatively, 7 were treated with single-dose intramuscular methotrexate, 1, with intravenous and intramuscular methotrexate, 1, with intravenous methotrexate, 1, with 2 doses of intramuscular methotrexate, and 2, with intra-amniotic methotrexate. Of these cases, one had a therapeutic failure that required a hysterectomy. Two women received blood transfusions. Four women required cervical tamponade with a Foley catheter balloon for hemostasis. There was no fatal outcome. Conclusion Cervical pregnancy is a rare and challenging condition from diagnosis to treatment. Conservative treatment was the primary method of therapy used, with satisfactory results. In cases of increased bleeding, cervical curettage was the initial treatment, and it was associated with the use of a cervical balloon for hemostasis.

Resumo Objetivo A gravidez ectópica cervical é um desafio para a comunidade médica, pois pode ser fatal. O tratamento pode ser clínico ou cirúrgico, mas não existem protocolos que estabeleçam a melhor opção para cada caso. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os casos de gravidez ectópica cervical internados em um hospital universitário terciário durante 18 anos. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo com revisão de prontuários de todas as gestações ectópicas cervicais internadas no Hospital da Mulher da Universidade Estadual de Campinas de 2000 a 2018. Resultados Foram identificados treze casos de gestação ectópica cervical em um total de 673 gestações ectópicas; apenas 1 caso foi inicialmente tratado com cirurgia por causa de instabilidade hemodinâmica. Dos 12 casos tratados conservadoramente, 7 foram tratados com metotrexato por via intramuscular em dose única, 1, com metotrexato pelas vias intravenosa e intramuscular, 1, com metotrexato por via intravenosa, 1, com 2 doses de metotrexato por via intramuscular, e 2, com metotrexato por via intra-amniótica. Desses casos, um apresentou falha terapêutica, e realizou-se uma histerectomia. Duas mulheres receberam transfusões de sangue. Quatro mulheres necessitaram de tamponamento cervical com cateter balão de Foley para hemostasia. Não houve casos fatais. Conclusão A gravidez cervical é uma condição rara e desafiadora desde o diagnóstico até o tratamento. O tratamento conservador foi o principal método terapêutico utilizado, com resultados satisfatórios. Nos casos de sangramento aumentado, a curetagem cervical foi o tratamento inicial, e foi associada ao uso de balão cervical para hemostasia.

Embarazo ectópico roto con fracción beta de la hormona gonadotropina coriónica humana negativa: reporte de caso / Ruptured ectopic pregnancy with negative human chorionic gonadotropin hormone beta fraction: case report

Resumen El embarazo ectópico roto es una emergencia quirúrgica cuyo diagnóstico, gracias a la interrelación de la cuantificación de la fracción beta de la hormona gonadotropina coriónica humana (HCG-β) y los hallazgos ultrasonográficos, se ha hecho más preciso. Sin embargo, el diagnóstico se vuelve difícil cuando clínicamente se encuentran datos sugestivos de embarazo ectópico con una HCG-β negativa. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 25 años acude a valoración por referir 12,2 semanas de retraso menstrual, asociado a sangrado transvaginal y signos de irritación peritoneal, que cuenta con HCG-β negativa (< 5 mUI/ml). Se realizó un rastreo ultrasonográfico encontrando abundante líquido libre en cavidad, sin evidencia de embarazo intrauterino. Ante la alta sospecha de embarazo ectópico se realizó laparotomía exploradora, encontrando hallazgos sugestivos de embarazo ectópico roto, y se realizó salpingectomía. Finalmente, en el estudio posoperatorio se confirmó por histopatología un embarazo ectópico roto. Existen muy pocos reportes en la literatura internacional de pacientes con características clínicas de embarazo ectópico roto, con HCG-β negativa. Es importante la difusión de este tipo de casos con la finalidad de mejorar los abordajes diagnósticos y no restar importancia ante la sospecha clínica, a pesar de presentar una HCG-β negativa.

Abstract Broken ectopic pregnancy is a surgical emergency that due to the relation between the serum quantification of the of the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) and the ultrasonographic findings, there have been improvements to reach a precise diagnosis. However, there are very few reported cases in the literature where a broken ectopic pregnancy is described with negative serum results in β-HCG. We present a case report of a 25-year-old patient came to the evaluation for referring 12.2 weeks of menstrual delay, associated with transvaginal bleeding and data of peritoneal irritation, she had a negative β-HCG fraction (< 5 mIU/ml). A scan was performed ultrasound finding abundant free fluid in the cavity, without evidence of intrauterine pregnancy. Given the high suspicion of ectopic pregnancy, an exploratory laparotomy was performed, finding findings suggestive of a ruptured ectopic pregnancy, a salpingectomy was performed. Finally, in the postoperative study, a ruptured ectopic pregnancy was confirmed by histopathology. There are very few reported internationally were found a patient with clinical characteristics of broken ectopic pregnancy, with a β-HCG negative. It is important the scientific diffusion of this type of cases with the purpose of improving the diagnostic approaches and not underestimating importance to the clinical suspicion, despite presenting negative β-HCG results.

Grossesse et cirrhose: aspects épidémiologiques et pronostiques à propos de 7 cas suivis au centre hospitalier universitaire de Libreville / Pregnancy and cirrhosis: epidemiological and prognostic aspects about 7 cases followed at the University Hospital of Libreville

Introduction : L'association cirrhose et grossesse est peu décrite en Afrique. Nous rapportons notre expérience à travers une série de femmes cirrhotiques régulièrement suivies.Patients et méthodes : Il s'agit d'une étude transversale, rétrospective et descriptive menée entre le 1er Juin 2016 et le 31 Décembre 2018 au centre hospitalier universitaire de Libreville. Nous avons inclus les dossiers des femmes cirrhotiques en âge de procréer, vivant en couple et ayant exprimé le désir de procréer. Nous avons analysé la fréquence des grossesses, le devenir de celle-ci, le type d'accouchements, les complications maternelles et obstétricales. L'analyse des données colligées a été réalisée par le logiciel SPSS 20.Résultats: Sept femmes ont présenté une grossesse parmi les 84 femmes cirrhotiques suivies soit 33 grossesses/1000 femmes/an. Leur âge moyen était de 26±6 ans. La cirrhose était classée Child-Pugh A, B et C respectivement pour 1, 3 et 3 patientes. L'étiologie de la cirrhose était l'hépatite B pour 3 patientes l'hépatite C pour 1 patiente, l'alcoolisme pour 1 patiente et l'hépatite auto-immune chez 2 patientes. Sur le plan obstétrical, 1 seule grossesse a été menée à terme sans incident. Il y a eu 1 avortement tardif, 1 accouchement prématuré et 4 morts foetales in utéro. La voie d'accouchement était la césarienne chez 2 patientes et la voie basse pour 5 patientes.Trois décès maternels ont été observés dans un contexte hémorragique.Conclusion : La grossesse au cours de la cirrhose est une situation à risque élevée pour la mère et l'enfant.

Introduction: The association of cirrhosis and pregnancy is poorly described in Africa. We report our experiencethrough a series of cirrhotic women regularly monitored. Patients and methods: This is a cross-sectional, retrospective and descriptive study conducted between June 1, 2016 and December 31, 2018 at the University Hospital of Libreville. We included women aged 15 to 35 years who had been followed for at least 12 months for cirrhosis and who had a pregnancy during the study period. We analysed the frequency of pregnancies, the fate of pregnancy, the type of delivery, maternal complications and fetal complications. The analysis of the collected data was carried out by the SPSS 20 software.Results: Seven women had a pregnancy among the 84 cirrhotic women followed or 33 pregnancies/ 1000women/year. Their average age was 26±6 years. Cirrhosis was classified as Child-Pugh A, B and C for 1, 3 and 3 patients respectively. The etiology of cirrhosis was chronic viral hepatitis B for 3 patients hepatitis C for 1 patient, alcohol for 1 patient and autoimmune hepatitis for 2 patients. Obstetrically, only 1 pregnancy was completed to term without incident. There was 1 late-term abortion, 1 preterm birth and 4 fetal deaths in utero.The delivery route was caesarean section for 2 patients and vaginal section for 5 patients. Three maternal deaths were observed in a hemorrhagic context. Conclusion: Pregnancy during cirrhosis is a high-risk situation for both mother and child.

Term delivery of a heterotopic pregnancy coexisting with ruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy: A case report

Pregnancies that occur in two different implantation sites simultaneously is described as Heterotopic pregnancy (HP). In the current study, a case of term delivery of a heterotopic pregnancy coexisting with ruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy, diagnosed by ultrasound (US) and clinical examination findings, which was managed successfully. A 25 year old Nigerian female, gravida 4, para 2 (2 term gestation, 1 spontaneous abortion) presented at the Emergency room with acute abdominal pain associated with vomiting. She had 8 weeks amenorrhea and a positive pregnancy test three weeks prior to presentation. Transvaginal ultrasound scan revealed a sixweeks viable intrauterine gestation. A diagnosis of possible ectopic pregnancy was made. Further trans-abdominal ultrasonography imaging revealed viable intrauterine pregnancy with evidence of an echogenic mass measuring 6.5 x 7.5cm in the abdominal cavity with significant fluid collection, and both ovaries were visualized and separate from the mass. An emergency exploratory laparotomy with right salpingectomy was performed with minimal handling of the uterus and other pelvic structures. At 37 weeks and 5 days gestation, she had an elective C/S for a transverse lying fetus and delivered a live normal birth weight baby girl with a good Apgar score. (Afr J Reprod Health 2022; 26[4]: 110-113).

Corpus luteum rupture mimicking acute appendicitis

Acute abdomen is a common presentation in women in the reproductive age. It may be caused by diverse conditions. The case below presented with classical signs and symptoms of appendicitis. Haemoperitoneum seen at laparotomy suggested a diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy .The diagnosis of ruptured corpus luteum cyst (RCLC) was made only after histology. The symptoms, signs and diagnosis of RCLC are discussed. The case highlights the need for circumspection in the diagnosis of the cause of acute abdomen. The current trend favours conservative management of RCLC thus the need for a high index of suspicion is emphasized to avoid unnecessary surgery.

Primary vaginal gestational trophoblastic neoplasia treated with uterine angiographic embolization and Etoposide, Methotrexate, Actinomycin D, Cyclophosphamide, and Vincristine: Philippines’ first reported case / Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

@#Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) in itself is an uncommon condition, much so is primary extrauterine GTN. The incidence of GTN in the Philippines is at 22.4/40,000 pregnancies. However, no report has been made for primary extrauterine GTN. Only two cases of primary vaginal choriocarcinoma are reported in literature. This is a case of a 26 year old G1P0 (0010) who came in for profuse vaginal bleeding. Serum beta‑human chorionic gonadotropin (β‑hCG) was elevated and ultrasound showed hypervascular vaginal mass and an empty uterus. A primary vaginal GTN was considered and the patient was treated with etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine (EMACO) regimen. During the course of chemotherapy, there was a note of profuse vaginal bleeding which was controlled by angiographic uterine artery embolization. A normal β‑hCG level was achieved after six cycles of EMACO. The patient was able to have three successful pregnancy outcomes thereafter. Primary vaginal GTN is a rare condition that requires a high index of suspicion. In a nulliparous patient complicated with profuse vaginal bleeding, angiographic embolization is an effective fertility‑sparing procedure that can manage the said complication.

Embarazo molar cervical: diagnóstico y tratamiento quirúrgico con legrado uterino y ligadura de arterias cervicales / Cervical molar pregnancy: diagnosis and surgical treatment with uterine curettage and cervical arteries ligation

Resumen Reportamos el caso de una mujer de 28 años con atraso menstrual de 14 días, diagnosticada en el servicio de urgencia obstétrica del Hospital Félix Bulnes con un embarazo ectópico cervical mediante ultrasonido, en contexto de metrorragia grave. El tratamiento consistió en legrado uterino segmentario más ligadura de arterias cervicales. El estudio histopatológico reveló una mola hidatiforme parcial en el producto del curetaje. La paciente evolucionó favorablemente sin requerir más intervenciones. Este caso da cuenta del exitoso manejo de un embarazo cervical con tratamiento quirúrgico, dando una oportunidad de preservar la fertilidad de la paciente.

Abstract We are reporting the case of a 28-year-old woman with 14-day menstrual delay diagnosed, in the obstetric emergency department of Félix Bulnes Hospital, with a cervical pregnancy through ultrasound, in the context of severe metrorrhagia. The treatment consisted in uterine curettage and ligation of cervical arteries. A histopathological study revealed a partial hydatidiform mole in the curettage product. The patient evolved favorably without other interventions. This case its an example of the successful management of a cervical pregnancy with surgical treatment, giving a chance of preserving the fertility of the patient.

Prevalencia de Chlamydia trachomatis en mujeres del Hospital General de Zona No. 29 / Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence in women from the Hospital General de Zona No. 29

Introducción: la Chlamydia trachomatis es la principal causa de infecciones bacterianas de transmisión sexual a nivel mundial. Se estima que cada año se producen 131 millones de casos. Cursa de manera asintomática, pero la infección ascendente en mujeres puede conducir a la enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica, embarazo ectópico e infertilidad. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de C. trachomatis en mujeres de población abierta que acuden al Hospital General de Zona No. 29. Material y métodos: se realizó la identificación de C. trachomatis por pruebas de PCR a 200 muestras de exudado vaginal y se determinó su genotipo. Paralelamente, se realizó el diagnóstico microbiológico de rutina. Resultados: la prevalencia de C. trachomatis fue del 8.5% (17/200) con una concomitancia significativa de p = 0.006 con Gardnerella vaginalis (riesgo relativo de 2.871, IC95%: 1.574-5.236). Asimismo, se identificó C. trachomatis en cinco muestras como el único agente etiológico. Dieciséis cepas de C. trachomatis pertenecieron al genotipo F. Una cepa identificada de C. trachomatis presentó motivos genéticos similares a la variante mexicana reportada en 2019. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de C. trachomatis en la población estudiada nos indica la necesidad de implementar técnicas de diagnóstico para esta bacteria. El uso de la PCR permite realizar una determinación genotípica rápida, que explicaría el comportamiento epidemiológico de la C. trachomatis y representaría una mejora significativa de la calidad de vida de la paciente.

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is the main cause of sexually transmitted bacterial infections worldwide. An estimated of 131 million cases occur each year. It is asymptomatic, but ascending infection in women can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. Objective: To determine the prevalence of C. trachomatis in open population women who attend the Hospital General de Zona No. 29. Material and methods: Identification of C. trachomatis was carried out by PCR testing of 200 vaginal exudate samples and its genotype was determined. In parallel, a routine microbiological diagnosis was carried out. Results: The prevalence of C. trachomatis was 8.5% (17/200) with a significant concomitance of p = 0.006 with Gardnerella vaginalis (relative risk of 2.871, 95%CI: 1.574- 5.236). Likewise, C. trachomatis was identified in 5 samples as the only etiological agent. Sixteen strains of C. trachomatis belong to genotype F. An identified strain of C. trachomatis presented genetic motifs similar to the Mexican variant repor- ted in 2019. Conclusions: The prevalence of C. trachomatis in the studied population indicates the need to implement diagnostic techniques for this bacterium. The use of PCR allows a rapid genotypic determination that would explain the epidemiological behavior of C. trachomatis and would represent a sig- nificant improvement in the quality of life of the patient.

A scary complication: single-center study on management and outcome of cesarean scar pregnancy

Abstract A cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) is a scary and life-threatening complication of cesarean section (CS). Nevertheless, the incidence of CS is constantly growing. The CSP incidence is 0,15% of pregnancies after CS which represents 6,1% of all ectopic pregnancies in women with condition after CS. Therefore, it should be more present in the clinical daily routine. From mild nonspecific symptoms to hypovolemic shock, diagnosis and therapy must be performed quickly. With the progressive growth of the scar pregnancy, a uterine rupture involves the risk of severe bleeding, and an emergency hysterectomy could be necessary. Prolongation of pregnancy has been successful only in a few cases.We report 11 cases from our hospital in the past 10 years. In the discussion, treatment options of this complication with an increasing incidence, which is associated with serious morbidity and mortality, are presented based on the current literature. Treatment options include drug therapy, but also surgical or combined procedures with radiological intervention.

Cuatro años de experiencia en tratamiento médico del embarazo ectópico en el departamento de Paysandú / Four-year experience in medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy in the department of Paysandú / Quatro anos de experiência no tratamento de gravidez ectópica no departamento de Paysandú

Resumen: Introducción: en los últimos años se viene presentando un fenómeno de disminución en las defunciones vinculadas al embarazo ectópico gracias a los avances en el diagnóstico precoz, lo que a su vez abrió las puertas al tratamiento médico con metotrexate en pacientes seleccionadas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es reportar la experiencia del tratamiento con metotrexate en el departamento de Paysandú y determinar secundariamente la satisfacción de las usuarias frente a éste y su fertilidad posterior. Método: se presenta un estudio retrospectivo, observacional, de los embarazos ectópicos tubarios tratados con metotrexate en Paysandú, durante el período del 1º de enero de 2014 al 31 de diciembre de 2017, comprendiendo cuatro años. Se consideró fracaso del tratamiento médico cuando fue necesario tratamiento quirúrgico y se definió como fertilidad futura al tiempo que transcurrió hasta lograr una gestación intrauterina espontánea. Resultados: se registraron 67 embarazos ectópicos en cuatro años, 13 recibieron metotrexate intramuscular con un porcentaje de éxito de 69,2%. Se determinó una fertilidad posterior de 25%. Conclusiones: el uso de metotrexate en el embarazo ectópico se practica en Paysandú desde hace casi una década con buenos resultados y una buena aceptación por parte de las usuarias.

Summary: Introduction : In recent years there has been a decrease in deaths related to ectopic pregnancy, thanks to progress made in early diagnosis, which in turn allowed for medical treatment with methotrexate in selected patients. The study's first objective is to report the experience of methotrexate treatment in the Department of Paysandú and its secondary objective is to determine users' satisfaction towards this treatment and find about their subsequent fertility. Method: a retrospective, observational study is presented of tubal ectopic pregnancies treated with methotrexate in Paysandú, from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017, during a 4-year period. Failure of medical treatment was defined as the cases requiring surgical treatment and subsequent fertility was defined as the time it took to achieve a spontaneous intrauterine gestation. Results: 67 ectopic pregnancies were recorded in four years, 13 of which received intramuscular methotrexate with a success rate of 69.2%. Subsequent fertility was found to be 25%. Conclusions: methotrexate has been used to treat ectopic pregnancies in Paysandú for almost a decade, with good results and acceptable rates of user satisfaction.

Resumo: Introdução: nos últimos anos, observou-se uma diminuição dos óbitos relacionados à gravidez ectópica, graças aos avanços no diagnóstico precoce, que por sua vez abriram as portas para o tratamento médico com metotrexato em pacientes selecionadas. Objetivo: o objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a experiência do tratamento com metotrexato no Departamento de Paysandú e determinar secundariamente a satisfação das usuárias com o mesmo e sua consequente fertilidade. Métodos: apresenta-se um estudo retrospectivo e observacional de gestações ectópicas tubárias tratadas com metotrexato em Paysandú, durante o período de 1º de janeiro de 2014 a 31 de dezembro de 2017. Considerou-se como falha do tratamento médico quando o tratamento cirúrgico foi necessário e definiu-se fertilidade futura como o tempo decorrido até a obtenção de uma gravidez intrauterina espontânea. Resultados: foram registradas 67 gestações ectópicas em quatro anos, 13 receberam metotrexato intramuscular com taxa de sucesso de 69,2%. Uma fertilidade subsequente de 25% foi determinada. Conclusões: o uso do metotrexato na gravidez ectópica é praticado em Paysandú há quase uma década com bons resultados e boa aceitação pelas usuárias.

Tratamiento del embarazo ectópico en cicatriz de cesárea: revisión de la literatura a propósito de 3 casos / Treatment of ectopic pregnancy in a cesarean scar: review of the literature regarding 3 cases

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: El embarazo en cicatriz de cesárea previa (ECC) es una entidad poco frecuente que puede tener graves consecuencias. Hasta la fecha no existen esquemas estandarizados de tratamiento y su manejo óptimo sigue siendo controvertido. Nuestro objetivo es realizar una revisión de la literatura publicada sobre el manejo del ECC y proponer un algoritmo. También exponemos tres casos de ECC resueltos con diferentes tratamientos en el Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena MÉTODOS: Búsqueda de la literatura en bases de datos utilizando las palabras clave: "embarazo en cicatriz cesárea"," gestación ectópica en cicatriz cesárea", "tratamiento", "manejo". RESULTADOS: Las opciones terapéuticas pueden ser médicas, quirúrgicas o una combinación de ambas. Los tratamientos quirúrgicos tienen altas tasas de éxito, sin embargo, son más invasivos y no están exentos de riesgo. La combinación de tratamientos parece aumentar la tasa de éxito, no obstante, podría implicar un mayor riesgo de efectos secundarios y costes. CONCLUSIONES: El manejo de los ECC debe de ser individualizado, basado en la evidencia científica, en los medios disponibles y la experiencia de los profesionales en los distintos procedimientos, guiándonos por el tipo de ECC y su grado de vascularización e invasión, grosor del miometrio, niveles de beta-hCG, presencia de actividad cardiaca, clínica y estabilidad hemodinámica de la paciente. Deben tenerse en cuenta las circunstancias y patología intercurrente de la mujer, así como su deseo genésico o de preservación del útero.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) is a rare entity that can cause serious consequences. Up to now, there are no standardized treatment schemes, and its optimal management remains controversial. Our objetive is to review the literature regarding CSP management and propose an algorithm. We also present three cases of CSP resolved with different treatments at Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena. METHODS: Literature search in databases using the following keywords: pregnancy with cesarean section, ectopic pregnancy with cesarean section, treatment, management. RESULTS: The therapeutic options can be medical, surgical or a combination of both. Surgical treatments have high success rates; however, they are more invasive and are not without risk. The combination of treatments seems to increase the success rate; however, it could imply a higher risk of side effects and costs. CONCLUSIONS: The management of CSP must be individualized; based on scientific evidence, on the means available, and on the experience of the professionals in the different procedures; guided by the type of CSP and its degree of vascularization and invasion, by the thickness of the myometrium, beta-hCG levels, presence of cardiac activity, and by clinical and hemodynamic stability of the patient. The circumstances and intercurrent pathology of the patient must be considered, as well as her desire for future pregnancy or preservation of the uterus.

Embarazo ectópico hepático / Hepatic ectopic pregnancy

El embarazo ectópico abdominal es el más raro de los embarazos. El saco gestacional se implanta en la pelvis o en estructuras vascularizadas como el hígado, bazo o mesenterio. El riesgo de complicación es 7 a 8 veces mayor que el riesgo de un embarazo ectópico tubárico, y es 90 veces mayor que el de un embarazo intrauterino. Por esta razón, tiene una elevada mortalidad y el diagnóstico temprano, así como, su tratamiento oportuno, salva vidas. Este caso relata la historia de una mujer de 43 años multípara, de la zona rural, quien consultó por sensación de plenitud, dolor abdominal relacionado a la ingesta de comidas grasosas y ausencia de menstruación de 7 semanas. Sin precisar un diagnóstico, presentó signos de shock hipovolémico, por tal motivo, fue referida al Hospital San Juan de Dios de San Miguel, donde fue atendida en máxima urgencia, se hizo el diagnóstico de embarazo ectópico hepático roto y se realizó cirugía de emergencia en conjunto con cirugía general. Se le extirpó el lóbulo hepático derecho que contenía el embarazo y luego se le colocó un parche de epiplón. El manejo en unidad de cuidados intensivos tuvo buen término, a pesar de la inestabilidad hemodinámica que presentó.

Ectopic abdominal pregnancy is the rarest of all kind of pregnancies. The gestational sac is implanted in the pelvis or in vascularized structures such as the liver, spleen or mesentery. The risk of complication is 7 to 8 times higher than a tubal ectopic pregnancy and 90 times higher that than an intrauterine pregnancy. For this reason, it has a high mortality rate and early diagnosis and timely treatment save lives. This clinical case it's about a 43-year-old multiparous woman from the rural area, who consulted for a sensation of fullness, diffuse abdominal pain related to the ingestion of fatty foods and absence of menstruation for 7 weeks. without specifying a diagnosis, the patient presented signs of hypovolemic shock, for which she was referred to the San Juan de Dios Hospital in San Miguel, where she was treated urgently, performing a diagnostic of ripped ectopic hepatic pregnancy requiring an emergency surgery along with a general surgery. The right lobe of the liver that contained the pregnancy was removed and then an omentum patch was placed. The intensive care management was accomplished, yet the homodynamic instability presented

Gravidez ectópica em cicatriz de cesárea: série de casos com três possibilidades terapêuticas diferentes / Cesarean scar pregnancy: case series with three different types of management

A gestação ectópica em cicatriz de cesariana prévia é um evento iatrogênico raro, que vem crescendo junto com o aumento das taxas de cesariana. Ela não exi- be manifestação clínica específica, o que dificulta o diagnóstico e não apresenta tratamento preconizado, embora esteja associada a grandes complicações obsté- tricas como hemorragia incoercível, acretismo placentário e rotura uterina. Dessa forma, o presente artigo relata três casos clínicos em que diferentes tratamentos foram propostos, objetivando discutir algumas possibilidades terapêuticas como a aspiração manual intrauterina (AMIU) associada com o uso de metotrexato, lapa- roscopia e laparotomia, comparando os resultados encontrados.(AU)

Ectopic cesarean scar pregnancy is a rare iatrogenic event, which has been increase with growing in the percentage of cesarean delivery. It does not exhibit specific cli- nical manifestation, making diagnosis difficult and does not have yet recommended treatment, although is associated with major obstetrics complication such incoer- cible hemorrhage, abnormally invasive placenta and uterine rupture. Therefore, the present article reports three clinical cases witch different types of management, ai- ming discuss some possibilities such intrauterine manual aspiration after systemic methotrexate, laparoscopy or laparotomy surgical, comparing results.(AU)

Embarazo ectópico intramural: reporte de caso / ntramural ectopic pregnancy: case report

El embarazo ectópico intramural es la gestación a nivel de miometrio sin tener conexión con las trom-pas de Falopio o cavidad endometrial, es extremadamente raro; representa menos del 1% de todos los embarazos ectópicos. Este tipo de embarazo es difícil de diagnosticar, las modalidades diagnósticas incluyen ultrasonido, tomografía computarizada y re-sonancia magnética. Se han descrito factores de riesgo para esta rara gestación ectópica que incluyen trauma uterino previo, ade-nomiosis, cirugía pélvica y fertilización in vitro. Descripción de caso clínico: Primigesta de 32 años que se presentó a consulta con amenorrea y prueba de embarazo positiva, se realiza ultra-sonido donde se observa endometrio lineal sin evidencia de saco gestacional. Se deja como impresión diagnóstica embarazo tem-prano y se cita en 2 semanas, al presentarse se envía a realizar gonadotropina coriónica humana fracción beta que reportó 600 UI/ml. 2 días después se repite la prueba y reporta 5000 UI/ml. La paciente inicia con dolor pélvico de moderada intensidad tipo cólico, acompañado de sangrado transvaginal. Se realiza un ter-cer ultrasonido pélvico que reporta imagen de 1.63 por 1.50 cms heterogénea, irregular compatible con un saco gestacional conte-niendo embrión sin latido cardiaco en su interior correspondiente a un embarazo intramural y presencia de mioma subseroso. Se decide realizar laparotomía exploratoria en donde se extrae saco gestacional y mioma, sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: Los es-tudios de imagen y laboratorio son necesarios para el diagnóstico del embarazo intramural, dado que es altamente inusual no hay un consenso sobre su manejo, en este caso el manejo fue qui-rúrgico...(AU)